Hadis problematik (musykil al-ḥadīṣ) merupakan pembahasan yang terus mengemuka sejak masa klasik, pertengahan hingga era modern-kontemporer. Pembahasan hadis problematik bersifat dinamis, tema-tema hadis yang pada masa klasik tidak dianggap bermasalah, pada era modern-kontemporer dinilai mengandung problem pemaknaan sekaligus keotentikan. Hadis-hadis bernuansa kekerasan terhadap non muslim merupakan di antara tema hadis yang dinilai problematik pada era kontemporer. Di satu sisi hadis-hadis tersebut tercantum dalam kitab yang dinilai paling otentik yaitu kitab Ṣaḥīḥ al-Bukhārī, namun pada tataran praksis menimbulkan problem, karena menjadi pemicu pelegalan tindakan kekerasan terhadap non-muslim sebagaimana dilakukan oleh kelompok ekstrimis seperti Islamic State of Iraq and Syria (ISIS). Pada sisi lain meskipun hadis-hadis tersebut berada dalam kitab Ṣaḥīḥ al-Bukhārī, namun tidak menghalangi sebagian akademisi untuk meragukan keotentikannya karena dianggap bertentangan dengan prinsip-prinsip dasar keislaman seperti prinsip kasih sayang, dan prinsip kebebasan berpendapat. Studi ini dimaksudkan untuk menjawab pertanyaan: (1) Bagaimana potret problem yang melatarbelakangi munculnya wacana kritik kontemporer terhadap hadis-hadis Ṣaḥīḥ al-Bukhārī bernuansa kekerasan terhadap non-muslim? (2) Bagaimana tipologi pembacaan kritis kontemporer terhadap hadis-hadis Ṣaḥīḥ al-Bukhārī bernuansa kekerasan terhadap non-muslim? (3) Bagaimana implikasi perdebatan kontemporer mengenai hadis-hadis Ṣaḥīḥ al-Bukhārī bernuansa kekerasan tersebut terhadap aspek metodologi kajian hadis?
Permasalahan tersebut dibahas melalui penelitian pustaka terhadap literatur-literatur yang relevan. Beragam literatur terkait tema pembahasan dijadikan sumber untuk mendapatkan data mengenai peta dan dinamika wacana kritik modern-kontemporer terhadap hadis-hadis Ṣaḥīḥ al-Bukhārī bernuansa kekerasan terhadap non-muslim. Data dianalisis dengan menggunakan The Discourse-Historical Approach dan Qualitative Content Analysis.
Kajian ini menunjukkan bahwa (1) Pada era kontemporer hadis-hadis Ṣaḥīḥ al-Bukhārī bernuansa kekerasan terhadap non-muslim menjadi bahan perdebatan dan sasaran kritik. Kelompok fundamentalis dan teroris menjadikan hadis-hadis tersebut sebagai dasar pembenaran tindakan anarkis dan kekerasan terhadap non-muslim. Dengan hadis-hadis tersebut mereka berargumen bahwa relasi dasar antara umat Islam dengan non-muslim adalah relasi benturan dan konflik. Perang dengan pihak non-muslim merupakan kepastian sejarah yang telah ditetapkan teks keagamaan (manṡūṡ), dan pada tataran praksis dicontohkan oleh Nabi Muhammad saw. Pemahaman seperti ini menjadi sorotan banyak pihak karena dinilai berbenturan secara dengan prinsip-prinsip mulia Islam dan bertentangan dengan semangat progresifitas bangsa-bangsa dunia yang mengusung semangat perdamaian dan relasi harmoni antar umat manusia. Fenomena ini memicu perdebatan di kalangan akademisi kontemporer yang mempertanyakan ulang otentisitas, pemahaman dan juga implementasi hadis tersebut dalam kehidupan kontemporer. (2) Di era modern kontemporer ditemukan tiga model kecenderungan pembacaan terhadap hadis-hadis Ṣaḥīḥ al-Bukhārī bernuansa kekerasan terhadap non-muslim, yaitu model pembacaan justifikatif, pembacaan dekonstruktif dan pembacaan rekonstruktif. (3) Tiga model pembacaan tersebut mempunyai pendekatan dan metode pemahaman yang berbeda-beda. Perdebatan wacana di antara tiga kecenderungan tersebut memberi implikasi pada perlunya restrukturisasi metode pemahaman hadis-hadis bernuansa kekerasan terhadap non-muslim yang lebih bersifat komprehensif, proporsional dan objektif. Penelitian ini mendapati bahwa hadis-hadis bernuansa kekerasan terhadap non-muslim dapat dikategorikan sebagai hadis-hadis eksepsional, yang untuk memahaminya selain diperlukan pendekatan dan metode pemahaman hadis yang berifat umum, juga memerlukan pendekatan dan metode spesifik untuk menangani karakteristik khusus yang melekat pada hadis tersebut. Metode yang ditawarkan dalam penelitian ini adalah metode pemahaman hadis “tematik-kontekstual-hierarkis”.

ABSTRACT:

The problematic hadith (mushkil al-hadith) has been discussed and continuously emerges from classical, medieval, to modern-contemporary periods. The studies highlighting the problematic hadith are dynamic, which promote that the themes of hadith in the classical period were not regarded as problematic, whereas they are deemed to demonstrate issues of interpretation and authenticity. The variety of hadith exposing the nuance of violence against non-Muslims has been considered problematic relating to various themes of hadith in the contemporary era. On the one hand, these prophetic sayings and deeds are reported in Ṣaḥīḥ al-Bukhārī, which is recognized the most authentic hadith book in the Muslim world. Nevertheless, concerning the practical level, the hadith compilation triggers the legality of violence against non-Muslims as it has been committed by several extremist groups, including the Islamic State of Iraq and Syria (ISIS). On the other hand, even though the collection of hadith on violence against non-Muslims was compiled in Ṣaḥīḥ al-Bukhārī, it has attracted a number of scholars to uncover the authenticity of the hadith narration since they assume that it is not in line with the Islamic principles such as the principles of love and freedom of speech. This current study aims to answer the research questions (RQs): (1) What are the problems underlying the contemporary critical discourse on the hadith in Ṣaḥīḥ al-Bukhārī with the nuance of violence against non-Muslims? (2) How is the typology of the contemporary critical reading of the hadith in Ṣaḥīḥ al-Bukhārī with the nuance of violence against non-Muslims? (3) What are the implications of the contemporary debates about the hadith in Ṣaḥīḥ al-Bukhārī with the nuance of violence against non-Muslims for the methodology of hadith studies?
These RQs were investigated by conducting library research on some relevant literature. The published scholarly pieces on the relevant topic of this study were used to collect the data dealing with the map and dynamics of the modern-contemporary critical discourse on the hadith narrating the nuance of violence against non-Muslims in Ṣaḥīḥ al-Bukhārī. Additionally, the data were analyzed by employing the discourse-historical approach (DHA) and qualitative content analysis.
This present study reveals that firstly, in the contemporary period, the hadith exposing the nuance of violence against non-Muslims compiled in Ṣaḥīḥ al-Bukhārī has been the subject of debate and raised the target of criticism. The fundamentalist and terrorist groups take advantage of the kind of hadith to be a basis for justifying their radical Islamic militancy and violence against non-Muslims. By using the hadith, the groups argue that the basic relation between Muslims and non-Muslims illustrates the relationship between friction and conflict. Furthermore, in the extremists’ point of view, the warfare committed against non-Muslims constitutes a historical certainty that has been stipulated in Islamic texts (manṡūṡ), and it was modeled by the Prophet Muhammad (pbuh) in the practical level. Accordingly, this textual understanding has gained a huge attention from lots of parties since it is in a complete contradiction with the noble principles of Islam as well as the progression spirit of nations throughout the universe that emphasizing the spirit of peace and harmonious relations between human beings. This phenomenon has sparked a wide array of controversy among contemporary academicians who re-question the authenticity, interpretation, and implementation of the hadith in a modern life. Secondly, regarding the modern-contemporary era, it has been exposed that there are three models of tendency for reading the hadith with the nuance of violence against non-Muslims in Ṣaḥīḥ al-Bukhārī, namely: reading models of justification, deconstruction, and reconstruction. Lastly, these three models of reading respectively possess their different comprehension approach and method. The debate of discourse on those three tendencies implies that the restructuring of methods of understanding to the hadith with the nuance of violence against non-Muslims so as to present more comprehensive, proportional, and objective results. This research, likewise, points out that the hadith with the nuance of violence against non-Muslims in Ṣaḥīḥ al-Bukhārī can be categorized into exceptional hadith. It denotes that not only does the understanding process require general approaches and methods, but it also needs specific approaches and methods to cope with particular characteristics existing in the hadith. As a result, this present study offers a ‘thematic-contextual-hierarchical’ method to understand the problematic hadith.