Efek polusi cahaya terhadap penentuan awal waktu subuh di Indonesia

Basthoni, M. (2022) Efek polusi cahaya terhadap penentuan awal waktu subuh di Indonesia. Dr/PhD thesis, Universitas Islam Negeri Walisongo Semarang.

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Abstract

Beberapa tahun terakhir kriteria awal waktu Subuh yang digunakan di Indonesia diragukan validitasnya dan dianggap terlalu malam. Untuk memverifikasi atau mengoreksi kriteria tersebut diperlukan pengamatan di lapangan. Sementara itu masih cukup banyak para peneliti dalam melakukan pengamatan fajar s}a>diq kurang memperhatikan efek polusi cahaya, padahal prinsip pengamatan dalam astronomi adalah masalah kontras. Semakin kontras maka obyek yang diamati semakin mudah dikenali. Cahaya awal fajar s}a>diq sebagai salah satu obyek astronomi yang redup juga membutuhkan kondisi lingkungan yang bebas polusi cahaya sehingga terbit fajar bisa dideteksi dengan valid. Kesenjangan ini menyebabkan variasi hasil pengukuran waktu terbit fajar s}a>diq dan selanjutnya meresahkan masyarakat dalam menentukan awal waktu Subuh. Penelitian ini dimaksudkan untuk menjawab permasalahan: (1) Mengapa perlu koreksi efek polusi cahaya dalam penentuan awal waktu Subuh? (2) Bagaimana formulasi koreksi polusi cahaya dalam penentuan awal waktu Subuh? Permasalahan tersebut dibahas melalui studi lapangan. Data diperoleh melalui pengamatan fajar s}a>diq menggunakan Sky Quality Meter di lapangan baik melalui pengamatan mandiri, pengamat fajar yang lain, dan pengamatan oleh beberapa instansi. Data dianalisis menggunakan analisis deskriptif-komparatif dan statistika deskriptif dengan pendekatan fiqh, astronomi, matematis dan scientific-cum-doctriner.
Kajian ini menunjukkan bahwa: (1) Diperlukan koreksi efek polusi cahaya buatan dalam penentuan awal waktu Subuh karena semakin terpolusi cahaya suatu daerah maka cahaya fajar s}a>diq terdeteksi lebih lambat. Analisis korelasi antara tingkat kecerlangan langit malam dan sudut ketinggian Matahari saat terbit fajar s}a>diq menunjukkan bahwa ketampakan fajar s}a>diq 77% dipengaruhi oleh polusi cahaya. Di lokasi ideal (gelap) dengan kecerlangan langit malam ≥ 21,3 mpsas, fajar s}a>diq terdeteksi rata-rata pada saat sudut depresi atau ketinggian Matahari -19,73 ± 0,19 derajat, sedangkan di lokasi yang kurang ideal (daerah agak gelap, agak terang, dan terang) secara berturut-turut fajar s}a>diq terdeteksi pada sudut depresi atau ketinggian Matahari -16,70 ± 1,48 derajat, -14,80 ± 0,66 derajat, dan -14,10 ± 0,81 derajat. (2) Formula koreksi polusi cahaya dalam penentuan awal waktu Subuh dilakukan dengan pemodelan kecerlangan langit malam di empat kategori lokasi dengan regresi linear. Pemodelan regresi linear di daerah gelap dijadikan acuan untuk mengoreksi daerah yang lebih terang. Untuk melakukan koreksi dicari selisih pemodelan masing-masing kategori lokasi dengan pemodelan di daerah gelap. Semakin besar selisihnya maka daerah tersebut semakin terpolusi oleh polusi cahaya. Persamaan regresi linear kecerlangan langit malam terhadap sudut ketinggian Matahari (x) saat terbit fajar di empat kategori lokasi (gelap, agak gelap, agak terang, dan terang) secara berturut-turut adalah: (1) f(x) = -0,01837x + 21,44 (2) g(x) = -0,01332x + 20,56 (3) h(x) = -0,005275x + 19,79 (4) i(x) = -0,0007121x + 17,14. Dampak polusi cahaya pada sudut ketinggian Matahari digambarkan dengan persamaan y = −1,6016x + 16,13 ± 2,16, dengan y adalah ketinggian Matahari saat terbit fajar (dalam derajat) dan x kecerlangan langit malam (dalam mpsas). Temuan tersebut memberikan acuan kepada peneliti berikutnya untuk lebih selektif dalam menentukan lokasi pengamatan fajar supaya hasilnya juga valid, yaitu memilih lokasi pengamatan yang minim polusi cahaya. Selanjutnya temuan waktu terbit fajar s}a>diq di lokasi ideal bisa dijadikan acuan masyarakat bahwa kriteria awal waktu Subuh yang selama ini digunakan adalah sudah tepat.

ABSTRACT:
In recent years, the validity of the early dawn criteria used in Indonesia has been doubtful and considered too early. Verification or correction of these criteria requires field observations. Meanwhile, many researchers are still observing the true dawn, not paying attention to the effects of light pollution. In comparison, the principle of observation in astronomy is a matter of contrast. The more contrast the observed object is easier and faster to recognize. The early light of the true dawn as one of the dim astronomical objects also requires environmental conditions that are free of light pollution so that the appearance of dawn can be detected validly. This gap causes variations in the measurement of the time of the appearance of the true dawn and further worries the public in determining the beginning of the dawn time. This study is intended to answer the following problems: (1) Why is it necessary to correct the effects of light pollution in determining the early morning prayer time? (2) How does light pollution correction formulation determine the early morning prayer time? These problems were discussed through field studies. Data was obtained through observations of true dawn using a Sky Quality Meter in the field through independent observations, other dawn observers, and observations by several agencies. Data were analyzed using descriptive-comparative and descriptive statistics with fiqh, astronomy, mathematical and scientific-cum-doctrine approaches.
This study shows that: (1) It is necessary to correct the effect of artificial light pollution in determining the early dawn time. The more light-polluted an area is, the slower the dawn light is detected. The correlation between the night sky's brightness and the Sun depression angle at the appearance of the true dawn shows that the appearance of the true dawn is 77% influenced by light pollution. In an ideal location (dark) with a night sky brightness of 21.3 mpsas or more, true dawn is detected on average when the Sun's depression angle is -19.73 ± 0.19 degrees. While in less than ideal locations (a bit dark area, a bit bright, and bright), true dawn, respectively, were detected when the Sun's depression angle is -16.70 ± 1.48 degrees, -14.80 ± 0.66 degrees, and -14.10 ± 0.81 degrees. (2) The light pollution correction formula in determining the early dawn time is carried out by modeling the night sky's brightness in four location categories with linear regression. Linear regression modeling in dark areas is used as a reference to correct for lighter areas. To make corrections, look for the difference between the modeling of each location category and the modeling in dark areas. The greater the difference, the more polluted the area by light pollution. The linear regression equations of the night sky's brightness and the Sun depression angle (x) at the appearance of true dawn in the four location categories (dark, a bit dark area, a bit bright, and bright) respectively are: (1) f(x) = -0.01837x + 21.44 (2) g(x) = - 0.01332x + 20.56 (3) h(x) = -0.005275x + 19.79 (4) i(x) = -0.0007121x + 17.14. The effect of light pollution on the Sun's depression angle is described by the equation y = 1.6016x + 16.13 ± 2.16, where y is the Sun's depression angle at the true dawn (in degrees), and x is the night sky's brightness (in mpsas). These findings provide a reference for future researchers to be more selective in determining the location of dawn observations. The results are also valid, namely choosing an observation location with minimal light pollution. Furthermore, the finding of true dawn appearance time in an ideal location can be used as a reference for the community that the criteria for the early dawn time that have been used so far are correct.

Item Type: Thesis (Dr/PhD)
Uncontrolled Keywords: Polusi cahaya; Formula koreksi; Awal waktu Subuh
Subjects: 200 Religion (Class here Comparative religion) > 290 Other religions > 297 Islam and religions originating in it > 297.2 Islam Doctrinal Theology, Aqaid and Kalam > 297.26 Islam and secular disciplines > 297.265 Islam and natural science (Incl. Islamic Astronomy/Ilmu Falak)
Divisions: Program Pascasarjana > Program Doktor (S3) > 76003 - Studi Islam (S3)
Depositing User: Miswan Miswan
Date Deposited: 13 Feb 2023 10:22
Last Modified: 13 Feb 2023 10:22
URI: https://eprints.walisongo.ac.id/id/eprint/19165

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