Indonesia saat ini tengah terjadi penyebaran wabah sebuah virus yang dikenal dengan virus Coronaviruses (CoV) atau yang lebih dikenal dengan virus Covid-19 (coronavirus disease 2019). Wabah virus Covid-19 ini memberikan dampak yang sangat besar bagi perekonomian Indonesia. Untuk menangani dampak pada perekonomian tersebut, pemerintah mengeluarkan program Jaring Pengaman Sosial yang siap membantu masyarakat terdampak Covid-19 yakni Program Bantuan Sosial Tunai (BST). Sejak program BST diluncurkan berbagai sisi dari program bantuan ini tak terkecuali politik mendapat sorotan dari beberapa kalangan. Melihat hal itu, peneliti menemukan beberapa permasalahan di dalam pengelolaan program Bantuan Sosial Tunai (BST) di Kelurahan Sambiroto. Apakah ada pengelolaan secara informal, lalu bagaimanakah pengelolaan formal dan informal mengenai program Bantuan Sosial Tunai (BST) di Kelurahan Sambiroto. Bagaimana dampak yang ditimbulkan dari pengelolaan (perencanaan, pengorganisasian, dan pengawasan) secara formal dan informal terhadap gejala sosial politik di masyarakat.
Penelitian ini menggunakan metode kualitatif dengan pendekatan fenomenologis yang digunakan peneliti untuk membantu menganalisis dan memahami pengalaman-pengalaman dari masyarakat penerima Bantuan Sosial Tunai (BST) di Kelurahan Sambiroto. Peneliti mengumpulkan data yang diperlukan dengan melakukan wawancara tidak terstruktur, observasi partisipatif, serta melihat dokumen-dokumen terkait laporan pengelolaan Bantuan Sosial Tunai (BST). Selanjutnya data yang diperoleh dianalisis dengan teori Democratic Governance oleh Brinkerhoff.
Hasil penelitian menunjukkan adanya mekanisme formal dan informal dibalik pengelolaan Bantuan Sosial Tunai (BST) di Kelurahan Sambiroto. Mekanisme formal terkait pengelolaan Bantuan Sosial Tunai (BST) secara umum yang terikat peraturan dari pemerintah, sedangkan mekanisme informal terkait adanya praktik politisasi dana Bantuan Sosial Tunai (BST) . Praktik politisasi di Kelurahan Sambiroto berupa pendistribusian Bantuan Sosial Tunai (BST) yang diberikan kepada sanak saudara dari perangkat Kelurahan atau pemimpin wilayah (Rukun Tetangga) bertujuan sebagai politik bentuk balas budi. Bantuan yang sebenarnya diperuntukkan untuk masyarakat miskin yang terdampak Covid-19 dialihkan kepada orang lain yang memiliki hubungan kekerabatan atau berkepentingan bagi pemerintahan kelurahan. Mekanisme informal ini tentu saja menimbulkan beberapa dampak yakni, ketidakmerataan penyaluran bantuan sosial, menimbulkan konflik dan kecemburuan sosial di masyarakat. Selain itu terdapat pula dampak dari mekanisme formal pengelolaan Bantuan Sosial Tunai (BST) yakni, meringankan beban masyarakat miskin dalam memenuhi kebutuhan sehari-hari, memberikan perlindungan sosial untuk masyarakat miskin, membantu masyarakat untuk mengelola hasil dari bantuan sosial sehingga mampu memberdayakan hidupnya, meningkatkan ketergantungan masyarakat terhadap program bantuan pemerintah.

ABSTRACT:
Indonesia is currently experiencing an outbreak of a virus known as the Coronaviruses virus (CoV) or better known as the Covid-19 virus (coronavirus disease 2019). The Covid-19 virus outbreak has had a huge impact on the Indonesian economy. To deal with the impact on the economy, the government issued a Social Safety Net program that is ready to help people affected by Covid-19, namely the Social Cash Assistance Program (BST). Since the BST program was launched, various aspects of this assistance program, including politics, have received scrutiny from several groups. Seeing this, researchers found several problems in the management of the Social Cash Assistance (BST) program in Sambiroto Village. Is there informal management, then how is the formal and informal management of the Cash Social Assistance (BST) program in the Sambiroto Village. What is the impact of formal and informal management (planning, organizing and supervising) on socio-political phenomena in society.
This study uses a qualitative method with a phenomenological approach that is used by researchers to help analyze and understand the experiences of the recipient community of Cash Social Assistance (BST) in the Sambiroto Village. Researchers collected the necessary data by conducting unstructured interviews, participatory observation, and looking at documents related to reports on the management of Cash Social Assistance (BST). Furthermore, the data obtained was analyzed with Democratic Governance theory by Brinkerhoff.
The results of the study show that there are formal and informal mechanisms behind the management of Cash Social Assistance (BST) in the Sambiroto Village. The formal mechanism is related to the management of Cash Social Assistance (BST) in general which is bound by regulations from the government, while the informal mechanism is related to the practice of politicizing Cash Social Assistance (BST) funds. The practice of politicization in the Sambiroto Village in the form of distributing Cash Social Assistance (BST) given to relatives from the Kelurahan apparatus or regional leaders (Rukun Tetangga) aims as a political form of reciprocation. Assistance that was actually intended for the poor affected by Covid-19 was diverted to other people who had kinship relations or had an interest in the sub-district government. This informal mechanism certainly has several impacts, namely, the distribution of social assistance is uneven, causing conflict and social jealousy in the community. In addition, there is also the impact of the formal mechanism for managing Cash Social Assistance (BST), namely, easing the burden on the poor in meeting their daily needs, providing social protection for the poor, helping the community to manage the results of social assistance so that they are able to empower their lives, increase dependence community to government assistance programs.