Penentuan awal bulan Qamariyah (awal bulan Ramad}a>n dan Awal Bulan Syawal) merupakan bagian dari Ilmu Falak (Das Sein), akan tetapi dalam penerapannya di masyarakat (Das Sollen) kerapkali menjadi kompleks. Menariknya, masing-masing ormas Islam mempunyai kriteria dan penanggalan sendiri. Fakta sosial menunjukkan perbedaan antara Pemerintah dan ormas-ormas Islam kerap kali berulang, sehingga masyarakatpun ikut berbeda-beda dalam penanggalan ibadah puasa dan hari raya. Pemerintah menaikkan kriteria 2˚ menjadi 3˚ yang semakin memperparah perbedaan. Pemerintah melalui sidang isbat dan KMA terkesan belum mampu mengatur ormas Islam. Oleh karena itu, sidang isbat dan KMA belum mampu mengatur dan memaksa ormas-ormas Islam. Ormas-ormas Islam belum melaksanakan keputusan Pemerintah tersebut dan belum memenuhi kaidah “Hukmul Hakim Ilzamun wa yarfa’ul khilaf”. Permasalahan di dalam ormas-ormas Islam sendiri perlu ditelusuri dan dicari solusinya guna kemaslahatan masyarakat. Penelitian ini bertujuan menjawab bagaimana istinbath hukum ormas-ormas Islam dalam menentukan awal bulan Ramad}a>n dan awal bulan Syawal, serta bagaimana analisis penentuan awal bulan Ramad}a>n dan awal bulan Syawal menurut ormas-ormas Islam dalam perspektif sosiologi hukum Islam.
Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian lapangan (field research) dengan menggunakan pendekatan sosiologi dan pendekatan transdisipliner. Sumber data primer berasal dari hasil wawancara anggota tim Hisa>b Ru’yat masing-masing ormas Islam. Sumber data sekundernya berasal dari dokumentasi (dokumen-dokumen ormas Islam terkait penentuan awal bulan Qamariyah), buku-buku Ilmu Falak, jurnal dan literatur lainnya.
Hasil penelitian menunjukkan istinba>th hukum yang dipakai ormas-ormas Islam (Nahdlatul Ulama, Muhammadiyah, PERSIS, Al-Jam’iyatul Washliyah dan Al-Irsyad Al-Islamiyyah) berbeda-beda, akan tetapi pada dasarnya sama tetap merujuk pada Al-Qur’an, Hadis, fiqh 4 mazhab, qaul ulama, dan sebagainya. Norma hukum yang melekat pada istinbath hukum ormas-ormas Islam yaitu wajib (mengikat) dan mubah (tidak mengikat) masyarakat. Analisis penentuan awal bulan Ramadan dan awal bulan Syawal menurut ormas-ormas Islam dalam perspektif sosiologi hukum Islam menunjukkan bahwa penentuan awal bulan Ramadan dan awal bulan Syawal sangat berpengaruh bagi masyarakat khususnya jamaah masing-masing ormas Islam (hukum Islam hidup ditengah-tengah masyarakat). Akan tetapi, masyarakat tidak bisa mengubah tatanan hukum yang sudah dibuat oleh ormas-ormas Islam karena Istinbath hukum yang dilakukan oleh ormas-ormas Islam sudah sesuai dengan kaidah yang berlaku. Oleh karena itu, tidak hanya memakai hisab ataupun ru’yat saja tetapi juga menggunakan keduanya (hisab dan ru’yat) untuk saling melengkapi demi terciptanya Istinbath hukum yang memberi kemanfaatan bagi masyarakat luas.

ABSTRACT:
Determining the beginning of the Qamariyah month (beginning of Ramadan and Shawwal) is part of the Science of Astrology (Das Sein), but its application in society (Das Sollen) is often complex. Interestingly, each Islamic organization has its own criteria and calendar. Social facts show that the differences between the government and Islamic mass organizations are often repeated, so that people also have different calendars for fasting and holidays. The government raised the 2˚ criterion to 3˚ which further exacerbated the difference. The government, through the ISBAT and KMA meetings, has the impression that they have not been able to regulate Islamic mass organizations. Therefore, isbat assembly and KMA) has not been able to regulate and force Islamic mass organizations. Islamic mass organizations have not implemented the Government's decision and have not complied with the rules of "Hukmul Hakim Ilzamun wa yarfa'ul khilaf". Problems within Islamic mass organizations themselves need to be explored and solutions sought for the benefit of society. This study aims to answer how the legal istinba>th of Islamic organizations determines the beginning of Ramadan and the beginning of Shawwal, and how to analyze the determination of the beginning of Ramadan and the beginning of Shawwal according to Islamic organizations from a sociological perspective. Islamic law.
This research is a field research (field research) by using a sociological approach and a transdisciplinary approach. The primary data source comes from interviews with members of the Hisa>b Ru'yat team in each Islamic organization. Secondary data sources come from documentation (documents from Islamic organizations regarding the determination of the beginning of the Qamariyah month), books on Astrology, journals and other literature.
The results of the study show that the legal istinbath used by Islamic organizations (Nahdlatul Ulama, Muhammadiyah, PERSIS, Al-Jam'iyatul Washliyah and Al-Irsyad Al-Islamiyyah) are different, but basically they still refer to the Al-Qur'an 'an, Hadith, fiqh 4 schools, qaul ulama, and so on. The legal norms attached to the legal istinba>th of Islamic mass organizations are obligatory (binding) and mubah (non-binding) for the community. Analysis of determining the beginning of Ramadan and the beginning of Shawwal according to Islamic mass organizations in the perspective of Islamic legal sociology shows that the determination of the beginning of Ramadan and the beginning of Shawwal is very influential for the community, especially the congregation of each Islamic mass organization (law Islam lives in the midst of society). However, society cannot change the legal order that has been made by Islamic mass organizations because the legal Istinba>th carried out by Islamic mass organizations is in accordance with the applicable rules. Therefore, not only using hisa>b or ru'yat, but also using both (hisab and ru'yat) to complement each other in order to create legal istinba>th that benefits the wider community.